Figure 3From: Novel ecosystems in the restoration of cultural landscapes of Tl’chés, West Chatham Island, British Columbia, CanadaEmergence of novel ecosystems. Novel ecosystems arise either from the degradation and invasion of “wild” or natural systems, or from the abandonment of intensively managed systems, surpassing historical biotic and/or abiotic thresholds. Modified from Hobbs et al. ( 2006).Back to article page