Table 1 The cultures of nature
From: Landscape architecture and novel ecosystems: ecological restoration in an expanded field
Kowarik’s four natures† | Hunt’s three natures‡ | |
|---|---|---|
Nature 1 | Old wilderness | Wilderness |
Nature 2 | Traditional cultural landscape (including agriculture) | The agrarian landscape |
Nature 3 | Functional greenery (e.g., parks, street trees) | The garden |
Nature 4 | New wilderness (e.g., post-industrial sites, succession woodlands) |