Table 1 A comparison of the three participatory methods employed in understanding ecological processes
Participatory method/case study | Types of participationa | Typologies of stakeholders that can be included | Level and type of analysis of ecological aspects | Main kind of values elicited |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Participatory scenario planning in Doñana coastal wetland, Spain | Participation in information giving/Functional participationb | All | Broad analysis of ecological aspects focusing more upon the interrelations among factors | Others-oriented values, group values, supporting values |
Participatory mapping in rubber agroforest landscape, Indonesia | Participation by consultation/Functional participation | All | Administrative boundaries and land use types, location of water sources, production and critical conservation areas | Anthropocentric and bio-centric values, group and physical values |
Role playing games in rubber agroforest landscape, Indonesia | Interactive participation | Depending on the research objective/s | Abstract representation of ecological processes and dynamics | Anthropocentric and bio-centric values, transformative and non-transformative values, non-market-mediated values |
Evaluation of visual preferences in transhumance cultural landscapes, Spain | Participation by consultation | Depending on the research objective/s | Perception of ecosystem services delivery, some directly and some indirectly but all, linked to ecological aspects | Physical and metaphysical, bio-centric, self-oriented values |