Table 2 Mean (± SE) surface soil properties (0 to 20 cm) along the urbanization gradient

pH

8.03 ± 0.01

8.07 ± 0.02

8.09 ± 0.02

6.47

0.076

BD (mg/m³)

1.38 ± 0.01

1.39 ± 0.01

1.39 ± 0.02

1.11

0.836

SMC (%)

16.25 ± 0.33^a

17.4 ± 0.6^a

20.12 ± 0.79^b

16.62

<0.001

AP (mg/kg)

16.08 ± 1.31^a

22.09 ± 2^b

40.25 ± 3.9^c

11.37

<0.001

AK (mg/kg)

153.61 ± 4.21^a

188.83 ± 7.61^b

266.65 ± 14.66^c

281.8

<0.001

SOC (g/kg)

10.19 ± 0.35^a

10.76 ± 0.52^ab

11.68 ± 0.54^b

62.16

0.012

TN (mg/kg)

0.89 ± 0.01

0.86 ± 0.03

0.97 ± 0.05

2.84

0.09

C/N

11.24 ± 0.2^a

12.16 ± 0.3^b

12.33 ± 0.34^b

21.54

0.001

Pb (mg/kg)

18.84 ± 1.05^a

26.63 ± 1.57^b

29.56 ± 2.05^b

25.4

<0.001

Cr (mg/kg)

53.51 ± 0.68

56.37 ± 1.34

53.85 ± 0.69

68.1

0.074

Cu (mg/kg)

25.78 ± 0.59^a

28.98 ± 1.59^a

39.95 ± 2.32^b

18.7

<0.001

Ni (mg/kg)

25.25 ± 0.26

25.7 ± 0.59

25.2 ± 0.32

29

0.77

Mn (mg/kg)

686.58 ± 7.87

674.28 ± 9.98

697.09 ± 10.86

705

0.43