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Table 4 Spatial and temporal variations in the physicochemical parameters of water in Wular Lake

From: Influence of land use/land cover on the water chemistry of Wular Lake in Kashmir Himalaya (India)

Parameters

Seasons

Site I

Site II

Site III

Site IV

Site V

Site VI

Water temperature (°C)

Spring

11.3

14

15.7

13.7

12

10.7

Summer

19.8

21.5

22.3

21

20.5

19.3

Autumn

14.3

17

14.3

13.3

12.7

11.7

Winter

4.8

5.7

6

5.4

5

4.5

pH

Spring

7.9

7.9

7.9

8

7.9

8

Summer

7.4

7.5

7.4

7.5

7.4

7.3

Autumn

8.1

8.1

7.9

8.2

8.1

8

Winter

7.1

7.1

7.2

7.1

7.2

7.1

Dissolved oxygen (mg/l)

Spring

8.1

8.5

8.6

7.8

8.5

7.5

Summer

6.3

6.3

5.9

6.9

6.6

5.8

Autumn

9.1

7.3

7.4

8.3

7.5

7.6

Winter

9.4

8.3

8

7.6

7.5

7.8

Chloride (mg/l)

Spring

25.7

18.3

29.7

17.7

16.3

21.3

Summer

23.7

21

25

17

14.7

16.3

Autumn

13

14.3

16.3

13

16

15.7

Winter

11

13.7

13

9

13.7

14.7

Free carbon dioxide (mg/l)

Spring

11.3

9

9.3

10.7

8.7

7

Summer

11.7

8.7

8

8

12.7

7

Autumn

15

14

18.3

17

13

11

Winter

11.7

21

22.7

24

22.3

19.7

Total alkalinity (mg/l)

Spring

120.7

141.3

140.7

110.3

118.7

135

Summer

30

60.7

65.3

50

34.3

41.3

Autumn

107.3

101.3

140

149

136.7

150.7

Winter

154.3

167

155

166

151.3

151

Ammoniacal nitrogen (μg/l)

Spring

126.7

142.7

133.3

123

162.7

164

Summer

109

94

128.3

119

86.7

71.3

Autumn

127

131

163.3

165

155

150

Winter

144.3

154.3

170.3

176

163.3

135

Nitrate nitrogen (μg/l)

Spring

216.7

228.3

236.7

222.7

203.3

203.3

Summer

180.7

184.7

197.3

193.3

194.3

176.7

Autumn

223.3

221.7

225.7

237.7

238.3

215

Winter

263.3

270.3

284.7

287.3

304

290.7

Orthophosphate (μg/l)

Spring

28

31.3

33

34.3

30.3

31.03

Summer

19.3

21.3

26.3

25.7

21.7

23

Autumn

34.3

36

39.3

37

29.3

28

Winter

45

50.3

52.7

50.3

43.7

42.3

Total phosphate (μg/l)

Spring

160

190

203

180

157.7

148

Summer

130

148.3

165

136.7

133.3

128.3

Autumn

153.3

178.3

198.3

165

183.3

165

Winter

216.7

223.3

220

208.3

193.3

181.7