Table 4 Identify multiple benefits, trade-offs, and research needs in ecosystem services practices
Ecosystem services practices | Climate change adaptation/mitigation | Water | Energy | Food | Environments | Research needs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Green infrastructure (e.g., Riparian vegetation and wetland) | Beneficial | Beneficial and conflict with water use | Beneficial and trade-off for energy use | Beneficial or trade-off for land use | Beneficial | Tools and data to evaluate benefits and trade-off |
Forest and land management-(e.g., integrated forest operations and thinning.) | Beneficial | Beneficial and conflict with water use | Beneficial and trade-off for energy use | Beneficial or trade-off for land use | Beneficial | Analysis of feasibility cost and benefits |
Renewable energy with biomass | Beneficial | Trade-off with water use | Beneficial | Competition and conflict with land and water | Beneficial | Tools and data for benefits and conflict |
Best agricultural management practices (e.g., carbon sequestration crop and grassland, drip irrigation, conservation tillage) | Beneficial | Beneficial | Beneficial or trade-off for energy use | Beneficial | Beneficial | Tools and data for multiple benefits and trade-off |
Water and energy system efficiency | Beneficial | Beneficial | Beneficial | Beneficial | Beneficial | Tools and data for multiple benefits |