Table 1 Summary table of Wilcoxon-signed ranked test results on the effects of LULC change on groundwater recharge in semi-arid regions

Bare land

Cropland

36 ± 21

6.4 ± 0.8

–

2

Bare land

Grassland

50 ± 0.2

11.7 ± 1.4

0.068

4

Bare land

Forest

38 ± 10

8.5 ± 6.8

0.043

5

Bare land

All

42 ± 9

9.3 ± 4.8

0.003

11

Grassland

Cropland

14 ± 12

8.6 ± 4.8

0.29

3

 Forest

Cropland

0.13 ± 0.18

3.4 ± 2.5

< 0.001

28

 Forest

Grassland

0.18 ± 0.54

4.4 ± 3.3

0.002

12

 Forest

Rangeland

0.13 ± 0.14

0.64 ± 1.26

0.001

18

 Forest

All

0.15 ± 0.28

3.7 ± 7.1

< 0.001

59