Perceptions and attitudes of local people towards participatory forest management in Tarmaber District of North Shewa Administrative Zone, Ethiopia: the case of Wof-Washa Forests

Ecological Processes

Table 4 Multiple linear regression model (standardized coefficients were reported) to predict the perceptions of local people towards the prevalence of problems with the existing PFM system in WWF (R ² = 0.586 (Adj. R ² = 0.39), df = 19; F = 3.039, overall P < 0.001) (+ = a positive change in perceptions and − = a negative change in perceptions)

Variables	Perceptions towards problems with the existing PFM system
Variables	ß	t	P value
Intercept	−1.41	1.28	–
Sex (female = 1 and male = 2)	0.13	1.09	0.28
Age	3.19	2.75^a	0.003
Levels of education	−0.17	−0.87	0.39
Family size per household	−0.54	−3.02^a	0.002
Occupation	0.04	0.19	0.85
Annual income (ETB)	−0.25	−1.30	0.20
Livestock ownership (Yes = 2)	0.04	0.23	0.82
Had enough grazing land (Yes = 2)	0.23	1.49	0.14
Wanted to keep more livestock in the future (Yes = 2)	−0.78	−0.56	0.58
Had shortage of fodder for livestock (Yes = 2)	0.07	0.38	0.69
Length of duration of residence in the area (years)	−3.30	−2.55^a	0.003
History of settlement	−1.79	−2.32^a	0.003
Had the plan to stay in the area in the future	0.22	2.01^a	0.003
Private land ownership (Yes = 2)	−0.13	−0.38	0.71
Allocated land for woodlot plantation (Yes = 2)	0.45	4.22^a	0.000
Had shortage of fuelwood (Yes = 2)	−0.21	−1.43	0.16
Benefited due to PFM (Yes = 2)	−0.13	−1.08	0.29
Knowledge of the respondents on WWF (Yes = 2)	−0.002	−0.02	1.0
Distance between the edge of WWF and the residential area of the respondents	0.28	1.36	0.18
Had a tree planting and growing tradition (Yes = 2)	0.90	4.35^a	0.0001