Landscape and scale-dependent spatial niches of bats foraging above intensively used arable fields

Ecological Processes

Table 1 Candidate models are grouped into four factor sets and the null model: models with covariates related to local conditions at the site, models containing measures of landscape characteristics across five spatial scales, one model with a combination of local covariates, and models with various combinations of local and landscape-related covariates

	Model no.	Scale [km]	Insect		Crop			Cover [%]			Complexity	Density
	Model no.	Scale [km]	Abundance	Diversity	Height [cm]	Status	Type	Vegetation	Water	Built-up	Vegetation [m/ha]	Kettle [ha⁻¹]	Road [m/ha]	Season
Null model	1
Local	2		(+	+)^a										+^a
	3				+^a									+^a
	4					(+	+)^a							+^a
Landscape	5–8	0.3–3						(+	+	+	+	+	+)^a	+^a
	9	5							(+	+	+		+)^a	+^a
	10	5						(+	+			+	+)^a	+^a
Local combined	11		(+	+)^a,b	+^b,c									+^a,c
Local and landscape combined	12–15	0.3–3	+^b					(+	+	+	+	+	+)^a,b	+^a
	16	5	+^b						(+	+	+		+)^a,b	+^a
	17	5	+^b					(+	+			+	+)^a,b	+^a
	18–21	0.3–3			+			(+	+	+	+	+	+)^a,b	+^a
	22	5			+				(+	+	+		+)^a,b	+^a
	23	5			+			(+	+			+	+)^a,b	+^a
	24–27	0.3–3	+^b		+			(+	+	+	+	+	+)^a,b	+^a
	28	5	+^b		+				(+	+	+		+)^a,b	+^a
	29	5	+^b		+			(+	+			+	+)^a,b	+^a

Abbreviations: kettle density of kettle holes (small water bodies), season Julian day, + covariate included in model, + ^a,b superscript letters indicate interactions: covariates with the same letter interact with each other; the interaction applies to all factors within the brackets