Exclosures restored the density and root colonization of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia

Table 9 Soil properties in exclosures and adjacent grazing lands with increasing age of exclosures and slope position

		pH	EC (msm)	P (ppm)	K (ppm)	N (%)	OC (%)	OM (%)
Land uses	Exclosure	7.7 ± 0.03a	15.8 ± 0.38a	9.1 ± 0.45a	8.8 ± 0.2a	0.5 ± 0.01a	1.7 ± 0.05a	2.9 ± 0.09a
Land uses	Grazing land	7.2 ± 0.03b	9.4 ± 0.38b	2.9 ± 0.45b	3.7 ± 0.29b	0.2 ± 0.01b	0.3 ± 0.05b	0.5 ± 0.09b
Age groups	< 10	7.2 ± 0.05c	10.4 ± 0.64b	2.2 ± 0.67c	3.85 ± 0.49c	0.3 ± 0.02b	0.4 ± 0.11c	0.7 ± 0.19c
	10–20	7.4 ± 0.05b	11.9 ± 0.64b	5.7 ± 0.67b	6.1 ± 0.49b	0.4 ± 0.02b	0.95 ± 0.11b	1.6 ± 0.19b
	20–30	7.6 ± 0.05ab	12.4 ± 0.64b	6.16 ± 0.67b	6.7 ± 0.49ab	0.4 ± 0.02ab	1.2 ± 0.11ab	2.1 ± 0.19ab
	> 30	7.7 ± 0.05a	15.8 ± 0.64a	9.9 ± 0.67a	8.3 ± 0.50a	0.5 ± 0.02a	1.4 ± 0.11a	2.5 ± 0.19a
Slope position	Foot	7.7 ± 0.04a	14.2 ± 0.58a	7.2 ± 0.66a	6.6 ± 0.47a	0.4 ± 0.02a	1.2 ± 0.10a	2.1 ± 0.18a
	Middle	7.5 ± 0.04b	12.4 ± 0.58ab	5.7 ± 0.66a	6.3 ± 0.4a	0.4 ± 0.02b	1.0 ± 0.10ab	1.7 ± 0.18ab
	Upper	7.3 ± 0.04b	11.2 ± 0.58c	5.1 ± 0.66a	5.7 ± 0.46a	0.3 ± 0.020b	0.8 ± 0.10b	1.4 ± 0.18b

Means in the same column followed by the same letter do not differ significantly at P < 0.05, mean ± SEM