Table 3 Temporal variation of parameters (mean ± standard error) of plant and soil during PI (panicle initiation) and FW (flowering) stages of the crop growth period

 PI stage

Root length (cm)

7.83 ± 0.03

10.83 ± 0.60

6.26 ± 0.92

8.53 ± 1.46

6.53 ± 0.66

Leaf area (cm²/hill)

806.79 ± 150.19

1185.16 ± 94.77

1299.59 ± 151.50

938.25 ± 110.28

2897 ± 54.64

pH

6.28 ± 0.10

6.63 ± 0.14

6.53 ± 0.09

6.34 ± 0.03

6.41 ± 0.24

Redox potential (mV)

17.33 ± 2.33

6.33 ± 2.88

5.00 ± 1.73

14.33 ± 1.52

24.66 ± 0.57

Electrical conductance (μs/cm)

24.00 ± 5.50

28.00 ± 1.00

22.33 ± 0.88

20.33 ± 1.85

15.00 ± 0.57

Soil organic matter (%)

2.76 ± 0.41

2.34 ± 0.19

2.56 ± 0.16

2.65 ± 0.16

2.65 ± 0.11

 FW stage

Root length (cm)

10.23 ± 0.14

12.33 ± 0.28

7.86 ± 2.05

9.43 ± 0.21

8.70 ± 0.20

Leaf area/hill (cm)

2572.33 ± 59.34

4207.68 ± 6.20

4723.41 ± 76.99

6187.17 ± 55.55

2921.63 ± 17.30

pH

7.60 ± 0.14

7.21 ± 0.11

7.21 ± 0.11

7.31 ± 0.16

7.29 ± 0.02

Redox potential (mV)

− 60.33 ± 8.41

− 38.66 ± 6.35

− 38.66 ± 6.35

− 32.00 ± 2.64

− 41.00 ± 1.15

Electrical conductance (μs/cm)

36.66 ± 4.70

28.66 ± 0.66

28.66 ± 0.66

28.66 ± 3.75

31.66 ± 1.20

Soil organic matter

2.22 ± 0.26

2.24 ± 0.13

2.70 ± 0.19

2.47 ± 0.08

2.43 ± 0.25

Factors

Root length (cm)

Leaf area (cm²/hill)

pH

Redox potential (mV)

Electrical conductance (μs/cm)

Soil organic matter (%)

 Treatment

p < 0.000

p < 0.000

p < 0.000

p < 0.000

p < 0.104

p < 0.201

 Stage

p < 0.001

p < 0.000

p < 0.000

p < 0.000

p < 0.000

p < 0.000

 Treatment × Stage

p < 0.854

p < 0.000

p < 0.791

p < 0.004

p < 0.075

p < 0.599