Table 9 Results of the Heckman probit selection model for the dry lowland

Education of HH head

0.505***

0.000

0.144***

0.000

0.272**

0.014

0.070*

0.049

Household size

0.056***

0.000

0.023***

0.000

HH head sex

0.016***

0.000

0.002***

0.000

Farming experience

0.580**

0.010

0.165**

0.012

0.061**

0.017

0.019**

0.017

HH head age

0.058*

0.054

0.028*

0.043

Crop income

1.022***

0.003

0.319

0.003

Livestock income

− 0.140**

0.011

− 0.042*

0.013

Non-farm income

− 0.565**

0.034

− 0.019*

0.042

Extension advice

0.015

0.143

0.045

0.141

Cultivated land size

− 2.70**

0.037

0.044*

0.041

Climate information

0·203**

0·011

0·057**

0·023

0.155***

0.001

0.131***

0.002

Temperature

0.077

0.416

0.017

0.103

Precipitation

− 1.121**

0.031

− 0.123**

0.022

Plots with steep slope

0.543*

0.050

0.021*

0.056

Plots with mixed slope

0.956

0.419

0.026

0.337

Semi-fertile plots

0.139

0.124

0.003

0.124

Non-fertile plots

− 1.50

0.204

− 0.127

0.342

Shared out land

− 0.54*

0.071

− 0.149*

0.056

Farm-home distance

− 2.626*

0.046

− 0.263*

0.051

Number of parcels

− 0.053

0.310

− 0.016

0.310

Number of crop failures

4.414**

0.017

0.278**

0.021

Frequency of drought in 20 years

0.238**

0.014

0.227**

0.034

Frequency of drought in 10 years

0.323**

0.032

0.044**

0.013

Duration of food shortage

2.634***

0.000

0.212***

0.001

Past knowledge of adaptation

2.662**

0.000

0.289***

0.000

Constant

− 5.032***

0.001

− 1.133***

0.000

Total observations

363

Censored

75

Uncensored

288

Wald chi-square (zero slopes)

88.43, (P < 0.001)

Wald chi-square (independent equations)

10.86 (P < 0.001)