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Table 1 The standardized path coefficients for direct, indirect, and total effects on willingness to coexist (Coexistence) with wild animals (see Figs. 2 and 4 for further details). Male and Malay are the reference categories for gender and ethnicity, respectively

From: Nature experience promotes preference for and willingness to coexist with wild animals among urban and suburban residents in Malaysia

Path analysis

Variables

Direct (c)

Indirect (a × b)

Total effect [(a × b) + c]

All species (22 species)

Experience

0.056

0.107**

0.163**

Gender

0.125 **

0.025

0.150**

Age

− 0.061

0.075 *

0.014

Malay

0.094*

0.059

0.153**

Path cluster 1 (5 species)

Experience

0.079

0.108***

0.187***

Gender

0.084

0.112***

0.196***

Age

− 0.034

0.071*

0.037

Malay

0.072

0.087**

0.159**

Path cluster 2 (7 species)

Experience

0.092

0.075*

0.167**

Gender

0.156***

0.028

0.184***

Age

− 0.089*

0.088**

− 0.001

Malay

0.118**

0.071*

0.189***

Path cluster 3 (10 species)

Experience

0.007

0.065*

0.072

Gender

0.013

− 0.003

0.010

Age

0.004

− 0.003

0.001

Malay

0.097

− 0.050

0.047

  1. The level of significance is *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001