Heavy metals accumulation in suburban roadside plants of a tropical area (Jengka, Malaysia)

Ecological Processes

Table 1 Heavy metal concentrations (mean ± standard deviation) in Athyrium esculentum (AE), Chromolaena odorata (CO), Lantana camara (LC), and soils for roadside plants and control

	AE (mg kg⁻¹)	CO (mg kg⁻¹)	LC (mg kg⁻¹)	Soil (mg kg⁻¹)	Malaysia Food Regulations (1985) (mg kg⁻¹)	FAO/WHO (2016) (mg kg⁻¹)
Roadside
Fe				275.6 ± 0.31	NA	NA
Leaves	545.1 ± 31.3	749.8 ± 10.6	841.6 ± 8.6
Stems	322.2 ± 18.8	580.5 ± 13.3	570.2 ± 41.8
Roots	265.3 ± 83.7	401.2 ± 30.3	496.5 ± 27.0
Cu				9.50 ± 0.12	NA	NA
Leaves	18.50 ± 1.83	23.35 ± 2.89	26.85 ± 0.77
Stems	10.85 ± 0.77	12.35 ± 1.62	25.10 ± 0.71
Roots	17.05 ± 3.32	21.60 ± 1.27	21.65 ± 2.75
Pb				4.60 ± 0.03	2	0.3
Leaves	0.26 ± 0.03	0.33 ± 0.06	2.86 ± 0.15
Stems	0.33 ± 0.04	0.69 ± 0.07	2.25 ± 0.03
Roots	3.79 ± 0.19	2.64 ± 0.43	3.05 ± 0.18
Cd				0.32 ± 0.01	1	0.2
Leaves	0.01 ± 0.01	0.01 ± 0.00	0.09 ± 0.01
Stems	0.02 ± 0.00	0.01 ± 0.00	0.09 ± 0.01
Roots	0.08 ± 0.03	0.06 ± 0.01	0.11 ± 0.00
Control
Fe				355 ± 0.81	NA	NA
Leaves	250 ± 15.1	300 ± 11.1	350 ± 10.4
Stems	150 ± 22.8	200 ± 8.5	305 ± 14.5
Roots	100 ± 12.5	150 ± 6.7	200 ± 13.6
Cu				20.0 ± 0.92	NA	NA
Leaves	8.00 ± 0.10	12.00 ± 0.70	16.00 ± 2.2
Stems	5.20 ± 0.69	10.00 ± 0.89	14.50 ± 0.90
Roots	7.00 ± 0.43	11.70 ± 0.56	14.00 ± 0.15
Pb				1.80 ± 0.30	2	0.3
Leaves	0.35 ± 0.02	0.41 ± 0.01	0.80 ± 0.03
Stems	0.45 ± 0.03	0.61 ± 0.08	0.50 ± 0.12
Roots	0.50 ± 0.11	0.70 ± 0.04	0.80 ± 0.05
Cd				0.15 ± 0.02	1	0.2
Leaves	0.005 ± 0.00	0.005 ± 0.01	0.015 ± 0.00
Stems	0.005 ± 0.00	0.005 ± 0.00	0.010 ± 0.00
Roots	0.02 ± 0.01	0.01 ± 0.00	0.025 ± 0.01