Table 4 Gain-to-persistence (gp), loss-to-persistence (lp), and net change-to-persistence (np) ratios of LULC categories for the 1973–1986, 1986–2000, and 2000–2015 periods

0.36

0.98

− 0.62

0.49

0.73

− 0.24

0.27

0.31

− 0.05

0.74

0.34

0.40

1.35

1.79

− 0.44

1.49

4.16

− 2.68

1.38

1.72

− 0.34

1.52

2.87

− 1.35

4.41

2.14

2.27

5.86

10.25

− 4.39

2.02

3.50

− 1.48

3.76

8.03

−  4.27

43.74

14.24

29.50

23.28

7.88

15.35

1.46

1.37

0.09

2.69

3.10

− 0.40

49.00

22.56

26.44

56.61

6.54

49.63

7.05

1.56

5.49

2.98

2.49

0.49