Skip to main content
Fig. 3 | Ecological Processes

Fig. 3

From: A spatial framework for detecting anthropogenic impacts on predator-prey interactions that sustain ecological integrity in Mexico

Fig. 3

Spatial indicators of anthropogenic impact. Direct effects are considered as a landscape transformation, b the number of inhospitable environments created by landscape transformation, and c human activity observed with DMSP-OLS night-time imagery. Indirect effects emerged from d human settlements avoidance, e road, and f highway avoidance. All indicators are obtained as focal functions of apex-predators home range (see text for explanation)

Back to article page