A spatial framework for detecting anthropogenic impacts on predator-prey interactions that sustain ecological integrity in Mexico

Ecological Processes

Table 2 Anthropogenic impact characterization according to the baseline map and the historical distribution areas of apex-predators. Values indicate the average value of ecological integrity indicators and the percentage of each impact class category within the distribution areas for all apex predators in Mexico (*significant at 0.001)

	Distribution	NOM-059	Ecological integrity	Ecological degradation	Landscape transformation	Intact	Semi-intact	Concern	High impact	Severe impact	Highly severe impact
Leopardus pardalis	Neotropical	Endangered	0.215	0.261	0.523	32.9%	12.2%	16.0%	18.4%	16.9%	3.6%
Leopardus wieddi	Neotropical	Endangered	0.212	0.296	0.491	35.5%	12.9%	17.2%	17.6%	13.5%	3.4%
Puma yagouarondi	Neotropical	Threatened	0.217	0.294	0.488	36.3%	12.1%	16.7%	17.3%	14.5%	3.2%
Panthera onca	Neotropical	Endangered	0.216	0.272	0.512	49.8%	8.6%	19.5%	12.1%	5.8%	4.3%
Canis latrans	Nearctic	Non-listed	0.170	0.452	0.378	33.9%	12.4%	15.4%	18.9%	16.1%	3.2%
Canis lupus	Nearctic	Extinct	0.138	0.466	0.396	53.4%	8.5%	17.8%	10.7%	6.1%	3.5%
Puma concolor	Nearctic	Non-listed	0.174	0.430	0.395	52.8%	9.7%	15.1%	11.6%	7.6%	3.3%
Lynx rufus	Nearctic	Non-listed	0.171	0.470	0.358	58.3%	8.9%	15.1%	8.7%	5.7%	3.3%
Ursus americanus	Nearctic	Endangered	0.159	0.572	0.269	60.9%	4.5%	22.1%	8.3%	3.3%	0.9%
Ursus arctos	Nearctic	Extinct	0.145	0.575	0.280	63.4%	7.3%	15.8%	9.5%	1.9%	2.1%
All Non-listed			0.172	0.378	0.451	0.483	0.103	0.152	0.131	0.098	0.033
All Extinct			0.142	0.338	0.520	0.584	0.078	0.168	0.101	0.040	0.028
P(T ≤ t)			0.0400	0.3117	0.214	0.1701	0.0710	0.1847	0.2195	0.1122	0.3127
All Non-listed			0.172	0.377	0.172	0.483	0.103	0.152	0.131	0.098	0.033
All Endangered			0.201	0.449	0.350	0.448	0.095	0.187	0.141	0.098	0.030
P(T ≤ t)			0.0665	0.1639	0.0479	0.3671	0.3668	0.0411	0.4014	0.4974	0.4006
All Neotropical predators			0.215	0.281	0.504	38.6%	11.4%	17.3%	16.3%	12.7%	3.6%
All Nearctic predators			0.159	0.494	0.346	53.8%	8.5%	16.9%	11.3%	6.8%	2.7%
P(T ≤ t)			0.0001*	0.0004*	0.0001*	0.0150	0.0403	0.3747	0.0238	0.0528	0.0501