Table 1 Vulnerability factors, livelihood capitals, profiles, and indicators used for LVI analysis using the IPCC framework
Vulnerability factors | Livelihood capitals | Profiles | Indicators | Units | Hypothesized functional relationship |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Exposure | 1. Climate | • Change in maximum temperature | Changes over time, °C | Larger change or frequency = higher exposure | |
• Change in minimum temperature | Changes over time, °C | ||||
• Change in precipitation | Changes over time, mm | ||||
•Climate-related hazards: drought | No of events over the last 20 years | ||||
• Climate-related hazards: flood | No of events over the last 20 years | ||||
Sensitivity | Natural capital | 2. Ecosystem | • Land suitability for agriculture | Avg. scale values of soil depth, terrain, drainage, and fertility of (1–5) | More forest cover, suitable land, and access to irrigation = lower sensitivity |
• Sustainability of land use system | The assumed intensity of management (high, medium, and low) | ||||
• Land cover change (primarily deforestation/reforestation) | % change over the baseline | ||||
• Use of soil water conservation techniques) | % of the land with SWC structures | ||||
• Irrigation potential | Ha of land suitable for irrigation | ||||
3. Agriculture | • Annual total production (inverse) | Tons of total product harvested | Greater productivity and diversity = lower sensitivity | ||
• Changes in productivity | Yield in tons/ha | ||||
• The diversity of crop species | Number of crops in the system | ||||
Adaptive capacity | Financial capital | 4. Wealth | • Farm size | Ha/HH | Greater wealth = greater adaptive capacity |
• Number of livestock | TLU/HH | ||||
• Savings at the household level | Amount of Birr (local currency)/HH | ||||
• Existing loans | Amount of Birr/HH | ||||
• Non-agricultural income | Amount of Cash obtained per year | ||||
Physical capital | 5. Technology | • Insecticide and pesticide supply | % of HHs using insecticide | Better access to technology = greater adaptive capacity | |
• Fertilizer supply | % of HHs applying fertilizer | ||||
• Improved seed supply | % of HHs using improved seed | ||||
• Irrigation potential | % of HHs practicing irrigation | ||||
6. Infrastructure | • Access to all-weather roads | Walking distance in hours | Better access to infrastructure = greater adaptive capacity | ||
• Access to schools | Walking distance in hours | ||||
• Access to veterinary services | Walking distance in hours | ||||
• Access to markets | Walking distance in hours | ||||
• Access to savings and credit | % of HHs using credit | ||||
• Access to electricity | % of HHs accessing lights | ||||
• Access to telephone | % of HHs using a telephone | ||||
Human capital | 7. Community | • Sex of household head | Male/Female | More human capital, information and services = greater adaptive capacity | |
• Education level | % of HH heads | ||||
• Availability of extension | No of DAs/village | ||||
• Skills/training | No of training HH head attended | ||||
• Health services | Walking distance in hours | ||||
• Radio ownership | % of HHs who have a radio | ||||
Social capital | 8. Social | • Governance | 1–5 scale (election of leadership) | Fewer non-working days and more tradition of working together = greater adaptive capacity | |
• Membership in social organizations/CBO | % of HHs who are members of CBO | ||||
• Participation in projects | Participation index | ||||
• Availability of bylaws | % of HHs who have bylaws | ||||
• Number of non-working days/ month | Average number of non-working days in a month | ||||
• The tradition of working together | % of HH who have a tradition of working together |