Table 1 Multiple ANOVAs and means for regeneration treatments (AR aggregated retention, RT near a remnant tree in the dispersed retention, DR dispersed retention, R roads, MONO under monocot plants, DICO under dicot plants, D under debris) and stands for distance to aggregate edge (DIST, m), basal area (BA, m² ha⁻¹), crown and debris cover (CC, %), leaf area index (LAI), volumetric soil water content (VSW, %), diffuse radiation (DIFR, W m⁻²), direct radiation (DIRR, W m⁻²), global radiation (GR, W m⁻² ), photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) below understory plants and debris (PAR-B, μmol m⁻² s⁻¹), and PAR above understory plants and debris (PAR-A, μmol m⁻² s⁻¹)

Treatment

AR

18.7

77.5 b

72.65 c

1.85 b

23.7 a

2.3 a

9.5 a

11.8 a

3.6 a

3.6 a

RT

20.9

17.6 a

51.61 b

0.64 a

25.7 a

4.0 b

18.3 b

22.4 b

50.6 de

88.5 d

DR

23.0

12.2 a

40.54 a

0.33 a

41.2 c

4.8 bc

23.2 c

28.1 c

69.3 e

82.4 d

R

20.0

16.0 a

44.08 ab

0.40 a

39.6 bc

5.5 c

22.3 bc

27.8 c

65.7 de

75.7 cd

MONO

21.6

13.6 a

46.60 ab

0.56 a

38.4 bc

4.7 bc

20.9 bc

25.7 bc

48.6 cd

69.1 cd

DICO

20.1

19.0 a

48.42 ab

0.58 a

31.3 ab

4.2 bc

20.4 bc

24.6 bc

24.7 b

52.4 bc

D

20.7

13.0 a

52.32 b

0.68 a

31.2 ab

4.6 bc

19.1 bc

23.7 bc

29.0 bc

44.8 b

F

0.66

84.36

17.62

16.57

9.48

10.63

21.20

19.85

25.42

27.69

(p)

0.682

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

Stand

1

24.7 b

22.30

52.69

0.81

33.8 ab

4.3

18.2

22.5

39.3

46.9 a

2

19.7 a

24.30

48.78

0.66

35.4 b

4.5

20.0

24.5

45.1

68.8 b

3

18.1 a

25.80

51.20

0.69

29.8 a

4.1

19.1

23.2

40.5

62.6 b

F

10.65

1.09

1.47

1.05

3.89

0.98

1.82

1.55

1.01

9.63

(p)

< 0.001

0.339

0.236

0.354

0.024

0.379

0.168

0.218

0.369

< 0.001

Interaction

F

0.99

3.08

3.11

2.31

1.33

2.57

3.70

3.48

1.47

2.69

(p)

0.468

0.001

0.001

0.013

0.219

0.006

< 0.001

< 0.001

0.152

0.004