From: Assessment of ecosystem services of rice farms in eastern India
Services | Methodology of service | Conversion factor | Economic value | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Food | 1st crop—rice, 2nd crop—rice, green gram, black gram, groundnut, turmeric | Whole farm produce in quintals | MSP of crops | |
By-products | Rice straw | 1.5 times of grain | US$ 0.0155 kg−1 | Farm gate price |
Biocontrol of pest | Economic threshold level (ETL) | Market cost of recommended dose of pesticide at ETL level | 1 Spider = US$0.038, 1 Miridbug = US$0.008, 1 Ladybird beetle = US$0.06, 1 Ground beetle = US$ 0.0043 | Mala et al. 2009; Shepard et al. (IRRI) 1987; Gurr et al. 2004; Sandhu et al. 2005 |
Soil formation | Earthworms and Dung beetle | 1 tonne of earthworms forms 1 tonne of soil ha−1yr−1; 2g soil accumulated per gram of dung beetle (dry wt basis) | Top-soil value is US$ 2093 ha−1 | |
Mineralization of plant nutrients | Assessment of soil N mineralization | Total N = 77.78% of NH4 | Equivalent price of N = US$ 0.082 kg−1 | Shahid et al. 2017 |
Carbon flow | Difference of only change of C and C emission | Carbon accumulation is 40% of total biomass incorporated in field, Percentage left over C of the applied amount from organic amendments and crop residues is 28.8% in rice field | CER (Carbon Emission Reduction) is about US$ 21.71 | Sandhu et al. 2008; Johnson et al. 2006; Bhola et al. 2014; Mandal et al. 2008 |
Nitrogen fixation | Rice—19 kg N ha−1 crop−1; Green gram − 140 kg−1 ha−1 year−1 | Equivalent price of N = US$ 0.082 kg−1 | Franco et al. 2000; Roger et al. 1992 | |
Soil fertility | Nutrient (NPK) uptake from soil(Net soil contribution) | NUE = 34%; PUE = 25%; KUE = 60% for rice | Market price of fertilizers | Roy et al. 2006; Ravichandran and Sriramachandrasekharan 2011; Lakshmi et al. 2012; Vinod and Heuer 2012 |
Hydrological flow | Rain and irrigation water recharge | About 45% of total rainfall and irrigation as recharge to groundwater | US$ 1.5 per 1000 m3 | Water charging in irrigated agriculture (FAO 2001); Tripathi 2016 |
Erosion | District level data of soil erosion | Sediment delivery ratio (SDR) = 0.3 | Top soil value as US$ 2093 ha−1 | http://www.dowrorissa.gov.in/DIP/DIPIndex.htm, Sreenivasalu. 2012 |