Assessment of ecosystem services of rice farms in eastern India

Ecological Processes

Table 3 Values of ecosystem service (in $ ha⁻¹ year⁻¹) generated in rice cultivated field under different agro-climatic zones

Ecosystem services	NCP^a	NWP	NECP	NEG	Mean
Food	1040 ± 97	1119 ± 186	981 ± 90	1059 ± 112	1050
By products	67 ± 8	114 ± 19	71 ± 4	37 ± 6	72
Market value of ES	1107	1234	1052	1096	1122
Biocontrol of pest	1.2 ± 0.3	2 ± 0.3	0.2 ± 0.1	2.9 ± 0.4	1.6
Soil formation (/10⁸)	2.3 ± 0	7 ± 0	1.4 ± 0	0.5 ± 0	2.8
Mineralisation of plant nutrients	76 ± 3	64 ± 2	111 ± 4	68 ± 2	80
Carbon flow	− 0.5 ± 0.6	3.6 ± 1.1	− 0.8 ± 0.3	− 0.3 ± 0.3	0.5
Nitrogen fixation	10 ± 0.9	2 ± 0.2	9 ± 1.3	1 ± 0	5.5
Soil fertility	487 ± 22	101 ± 16	371 ± 62	64 ± 9	256
Hydrological flow	11 ± 0.2	12 ± 0.1	12 ± 0.2	11 ± 0	11
Soil erosion	− 3.7 ± 0.8	− 2.1 ± 0	− 4.2 ± 0	− 4.2 ± 0.1	− 4
Non-market value of ES	581	183	498	142	351
Total economic value of ES	1688	1416	1550	1238	1473

Negative sign for disservice; values [mean ± standard error (SE)]
^aNCP North Central Plateau, NWP North Western Plateau, NECP North Eastern Coastal Plain, NEG North Eastern Ghats