Table 2 Linear mixed-effects regression (LMER) results showing best explanatory models of soil resistance (SR) in comparison with null models. Best models are shown in bold font, based on lowest Akaike (AIC) and/or Bayesian (BIC) Information Criterions. Null models include one or more grouping factors and a random factor only, single models include one main factor (explanatory variable) and random factor only, and best models include one or more grouping factor, the random factor, and one or more main factors for dataset group A (n = 252) derived from soils sampled over 3-week period in in subalpine meadows (n = 5) at Yosemite National Park, USA. An “X” denotes model factors included within a given model. Grouping factors included plant community type (PCT) and meadow gradient class (MGC), and the random factor is each of the five subalpine meadows (Mdw). Main factors included the following explanatory variables: bulk density (BD), gravimetric water content (GWC), and root mass areal density (RMAD)

From: Multi-scale drivers of soil resistance predict vulnerability of seasonally wet meadows to trampling by pack stock animals in the Sierra Nevada, USA