Table 3 Overview of different RES indicators in urban and forest ecosystems studied by the selected papers

Urban

Climate regulation (carbon storage and sequestration; urban heat islands)

Local

To generate site specific knowledge

(Almeida et al. 2018; Coskun Hepcan and Hepcan 2018; Giedych and Maksymiuk 2017; Kong et al. 2016; Marando et al. 2019; Richards and Edwards 2017; Scholz et al. 2018)

Regional

Policy implication

(Larondelle et al. 2014)

Natural hazard (flood and cyclone regulation)

Local

To generate site-specific knowledge

(Wang et al. 2019)

Methodological development

(Nedkov and Burkhard 2012)

For policy implication

(Davies et al. 2017)

Air quality and water regulation

Local

To generate site-specific knowledge

(Almeida et al. 2018; Giedych and Maksymiuk 2017; Manes et al. 2016; Wang et al. 2019)

Forest

Climate regulation (carbon sequestration, micro-climate regulation)

Local-national-regional scales

To generate site-specific information and knowledge

(Alamgir et al. 2016; Ghazi et al. 2018; Stürck et al. 2015)

Air quality and water regulation

Local to national scale

To generate site-specific information and knowledge

(Alamgir et al. 2016; Ghazi et al. 2018; LoTemplio et al. 2017)

Natural hazard (flood and cyclone regulation)

At country level

To generate site-specific information and knowledge

(Alamgir et al. 2016; Oka et al. 2019)