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Table 2 Pollination-related functional traits and their respective functional groups

From: Does landscape context affect pollination-related functional diversity and richness of understory flowers in forest fragments of Atlantic Rainforest in southeastern Brazil?

Functional trait

Functional group

Description

Reference

Floral diameter

Inconspicuous

≤ 4 mm

Machado and Lopes 2004

Small

> 4 ≤ 10 mm

Medium

> 10 ≤ 20 mm

Big

> 20 ≤ 30 mm

Very big

> 30 mm

Floral depth

Inconspicuous

≤ 4 mm

Machado and Lopes 2004

Small

> 4 ≤ 10 mm

Medium

> 10 ≤ 20 mm

Big

> 20 ≤ 30 mm

Very big

> 30 mm

Floral resource

Pollen

 

GirĂ£o et al. 2007; Rech et al. 2014

Nectar

 

Pollen + nectar

 

Oil

 

No resource

 

Other diverse resources

May include a combination of the above and other types of resources

Flower color

White

 

Machado and Lopes 2004

Red

 

Green (including beige and creme)

 

Yellow

 

Orange

 

Lilac/violet (including blue)

 

Pink

 

Blossom type

Inconspicuous

≤ 4 mm and no attractive structures

Faegri and Van der Pijl 1979

Plate/dish

 

Funnel

 

Brush

 

Gullet

 

Flag

 

Tube

 

Pollen presentation strategy

Accessible

Anther with longitudinal dehiscence and exposed outside the flower perianth

Simpson 2010

Internal

Anther with longitudinal dehiscence and inside the flower perianth, making access more difficult

Accessible secondary presentation

Secondary pollen presentation with pollen exposed outside flower perianth

Leins and Erbar 1990; De AraĂºjo et al. 2014

Internal secondary presentation

Secondary pollen presentation with pollen exposed inside flower perianth

Poricidal

Type of anther dehiscence which access is limited to bees that can withdraw pollen through its vibration

De Luca and Vallejo-MarĂ­n 2013

Pollinia

Pollen packed into hard structure, making it unavailable as a resource and its access extremely specific to effective pollinators

Johnson and Edwards 2000

Active

Mechanism that needs to be triggered by legitimate pollinators to expose pollen

Aluri and Reddi 1995

Attractive antherodes

Presence of attractive antherodes that present little or no viable pollen, while true anthers are inconspicuous and loaded with viable pollen for effective pollinators

Faden 1992

Heterostyly

Species that present flowers with style at different heights in relation to anthers

Lopes and Buzato 2005