Effects of geoclimatic factors on the variability in Pinus pinea cone, seed, and seedling traits in Turkey native habitats

Ecological Processes

Table 1 Some geographical and climatic characteristics of the five stone pine (Pinus pinea) populations across their natural distribution in Turkey

Populations		Latitude Longitude Altitude (m)	P (mm)	M (°C)	m (°C)	PE (mm)	ME (°C)	S^a	Summer Drought Index^a	Q^a	Humidity category^a	Climate types^b
1	K.Maraş-Önsen	37° 30′ 27′′ 36° 46′ 59′′ 800	742	36.6	1.5	7.4	40.3	0.18	2	72.39	Sub-humid	Semi-arid
2	Muğla-Yatağan	37° 23′ 11′′ 27° 56′ 22′′ 608	633	36.4	2.2	31.5	39.7	0.79	2	63.41	Sub-humid	Semi-arid
3	Aydın-Koçarlı	37° 42′ 35′′ 27° 41′ 18′′ 730	609	36.9	4.2	13.8	40.5	0.34	2	63.38	Sub-humid	Semi-arid
4	İzmir-Kozak	39° 14′ 45′′ 27° 05′ 50′′ 555	612	34.0	3.3	26.5	39.0	0.68	2	68.18	Sub-humid	Semi-arid
5	Çanakkale-Kirazlı	40° 1′ 12′′ 26° 35′ 36′′ 276	605	31.2	3.4	38.6	34.7	1.11	3	74.71	Sub-humid	Semi-arid

P mean annual rainfall in mm; M the mean of the maxima of the hottest month; m is the mean of the minima of the coldest month; PE sum of rainfall in June, July, and August; ME mean of the maxima temperature of June, July, August for the period 1987–2016; S summer drought index value; Q humidity category value (for calculations, see the “Materials and methods” section).
^aBioclimate zones according to Emberger (Daget et al. 1988)
^bClimate types according to Erinç’s precipitation efficiency formula (Erinç 1965)