Table 1 Published data (from Fang and Wang 2011) to be recited for hypothesis testing and discussion in this study

Fig. 1

Canopy openness (%) and effective leaf area index in intact canopies and newly created gaps under various combinations of dominant tree types and canopy treatments.

Fig. 2

Direct, diffuse, and total transmitted light in intact canopies and newly created gaps under various combinations of dominant tree types and canopy treatments.

Fig. 3

Seedling height of Norway maple and red maple seedlings and relative height growth under different combinations of dominant tree type and canopy treatments over two growing seasons.

Fig. 4

Type III regression of seedling relative height growth against canopy openness (%) in Norway maple and red maple seedlings.

Fig. 5

Root, stem and leaf biomass of Norway maple and red maple seedlings grown under RMmix, NMmix and NMmon with intact canopies and gaps.

Fig. 6

Percentage change in total biomass production of Norway maple and red maple seedlings under various tree types and canopy treatments.

Fig. 7

Type III regression of biomass allocation against canopy openness (a, b) and biomass allocation of seedlings grown under three canopies (c, d).