Table 9 The impacts of land use/land cover changes on the individual ecosystem service values (ESV) of Bahir Dar City between 1984 and 2019

1

 Water supply

2.64

2.38

2.29

2.17

1.87

− 0.76

 Food production

3.15

3.14

2.88

2.78

2.62

− 0.53

 Raw Material

1.04

0.99

0.89

0.79

0.71

− 0.33

 Genetic Resources

0.37

0.33

0.34

0.30

0.26

− 0.11

 Medicinal resources

0.14

0.13

0.11

0.10

0.09

− 0.04

Sub-total

7.34

6.97

6.51

6.14

5.55

− 1.77

2

 Water regulation

7.40

6.54

6.18

5.66

4.64

− 2.76

 Waste treatment

5.72

5.55

4.77

4.33

4.01

− 1.71

 Erosion control

1.38

1.17

1.41

1.23

1.03

− 0.35

 Climate regulation

1.84

1.62

1.73

1.51

1.28

− 0.56

 Biological control

0.32

0.34

0.31

0.32

0.31

− 0.01

 Gas regulation

0.35

0.34

0.29

0.27

0.25

− 0.10

 Disturbance regulation

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

− 0.01

Sub-total

17.03

15.58

14.71

13.34

11.54

− 5.5

3

 Nutrient cycling

1.27

1.11

1.25

1.10

0.94

− 0.33

 Pollination

0.18

0.18

0.17

0.17

0.15

− 0.03

 Soil formation

0.24

0.23

0.20

0.18

0.17

− 0.08

 Habitat/refugia

3.03

2.98

2.41

2.17

2.03

− 0.99

Sub-total

4.72

4.5

4.03

3.62

3.29

− 1.43

4

 Recreation

0.38

0.36

0.31

0.28

0.25

− 0.13

 Cultural

0.23

0.23

0.19

0.17

0.16

− 0.08

Sub-total

0.61

0.59

0.5

0.45

0.41

− 0.21

Total

29.71

27.65

25.75

23.54

20.80

− 8.90