Fig. 1

Schematic representations of gender plasticity and sex expression in natural populations of Cedrus deodara. a Crown differentiation (LC: lover crown layer, MC: middle crown layer, UC: upper crown layer, CL: total crown length, BL: bole length, and H: total height), b mixed-monoecious (h1≈h2, h1: length of LC, h2: length of UC) in which UC is female (♀) and LC is male (♂), c mixed-monoecious (h1≈h2) in which UC is male and LC is female, d predominantly female (h2> h1, h2 ≥3/4 CL) in which UC is female and LC is male, e monoecious (h2≥ or ≤ (h1 +h3), h2: length of MC, h3 length of UC, h1 is the length of LC) in which LC is male, UC is male, and MC is female, f predominantly male (h1>h2, h1≥ 3/4 CL) in which LC is male and UC is female, g predominantly male (h1<h2, h2≥3/4 CL) in which UC is male and LC is female; h predominantly female (h1>h2, h1≥3/4 CL) in which LC is female and UC is male, i–j dioecious, i male tree, and j female tree