Table 5 Effects of land-use/land-cover (LULC) changes on individual ecosystem services from 1982 to 2016/17 in the study watersheds

 Water supply

1.1

0.5

0.5

1.3

0.9

0.3

0.3

0.4

0.3

0.1

0.1

 Food production

34.2

47.1

46.8

33.7

37.0

50.7

51.4

25.9

31.9

36.2

36.5

 Raw material

7.2

3.2

3.5

8.1

5.5

2.2

1.9

2.6

1.9

1.0

0.9

 Genetic resources

2.7

2.4

2.2

2.1

4.4

1.8

1.5

2.1

1.9

1.0

0.9

 Total

45.2

53.1

53.0

45.2

47.7

55.1

55.2

30.9

35.9

38.3

38.5

 Water regulation

1.2

0.7

0.7

1.2

1.0

0.5

0.4

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.4

 Water treatment

29.5

17.8

17.7

28.1

25.9

12.4

11.3

22.5

15.8

11.3

10.6

 Erosion control

37.9

18.3

19.5

41.0

30.0

12.7

11.2

17.5

12.5

7.5

7.2

 Climate regulation

31.3

13.8

15.1

35.4

23.9

9.6

8.3

11.2

8.1

4.1

4.1

 Biological control

4.8

6.6

6.5

4.3

5.3

6.9

7.0

4.5

4.9

5.4

5.3

 Gas regulation

2.8

1.6

1.6

2.7

2.4

1.1

1.0

1.9

1.4

1.0

0.9

 Disturbance regulation

0.7

0.3

0.3

0.8

0.5

0.2

0.2

0.3

0.2

0.1

0.1

 Total

108.1

59.2

61.5

113.4

89.1

43.4

39.5

58.8

43.5

29.8

28.7

 Nutrient cycling

25.9

11.4

12.5

29.2

19.7

7.9

6.9

9.2

6.7

3.4

3.4

 Pollination

5.2

5.6

5.4

4.5

5.4

5.2

5.2

5.1

4.6

4.4

4.3

 Soil formation

1.5

0.7

0.8

1.7

1.2

0.5

0.4

0.7

0.5

0.3

0.3

 Habitat/refugia

2.4

1.1

1.2

2.7

1.9

0.7

0.6

0.9

0.6

0.3

0.3

Total

35.0

18.8

19.9

38.2

28.2

14.4

13.1

15.9

12.4

8.5

8.3

 Recreation

0.8

0.4

0.4

0.8

0.6

0.3

0.2

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.2

 Cultural

0.3

0.1

0.1

0.3

0.2

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.3

0.2

0.2

 Total

1.1

0.5

0.5

1.1

0.8

0.4

0.3

0.5

0.5

0.3

0.3