Skip to main content
Ecological Processes
Fig. 5 | Ecological Processes

Fig. 5

From: Cascading effect of source limitation on the granivore-mediated seed dispersal of Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) in secondary forest ecosystems

Fig. 5

The mutualism–antagonism continuum of synzoochorous interactions (a), granivore-mediated seed dispersal effectiveness in the same secondary forests with two treatments (b), and thinning treatment (c). SF: secondary forests; MBKPFs: mixed broad-leaved Korean pine forests; SDE: seed dispersal effectiveness; U-SF: secondary forests without Korea pine plantations; U: secondary forests adjacent to Korea pine plantations. 25%: 25% thinning treatment; 50%: 50% thinning treatment. The squirrels represented the mutualism–antagonism continuum of synzoochorous interactions of granivores

Back to article page