From: Exploring patterns and consequences of land consumption in a coastal city-region
Dimensions | Indicators | References | Sustainability |
---|---|---|---|
Social-physical | Population density | Schneider and Woodcock (2008), Dong et al. (2019), UNCHS (1996), UNCSD (2001), OECD (1993), EEA (2014), WHO (2012), Alberti (1996), Moussiopoulos et al. (2010) | The high density indicates sustainability and low per capita land consumption |
Built-up density | Barbosa et al. (2017), Pili et al. (2017), OECD (1993), EEA (2014), WHO (2012) | High density indicates sustainability and low sprawl | |
Land-use intensity | The more is the intensity of land use, the more sustainable and efficient is the land consumption | ||
Economic | Per capita income | Dijk and Mingshun (2005), UNCHS (1996), Moussiopoulos et al. (2010) | Per capita GDP is a suitable criterion to identify the standard level of living in a region. The high value of this indicator shows a higher quality of life and a positive impact on sustainability |
GDP growth rate | The positive GDP growth rate shows the economic prosperity of the region. The negative GDP growth rate indicates economic stagnation and unsustainability | ||
Economic efficiency | Xian et al. (2019), UNCSD (2001), Moussiopoulos et al. (2010) | The positive value of this indicator shows the high efficiency and sustainability | |
Environmental | Energy efficiency | ||
Per capita green area | The high per capita indicates the sustainability of the environment | ||
Per capita land consumption | Sprawl cities with high per capita land consumption and high dependence on cars lead to more consumption of fossil fuels, more emission of greenhouse gases, and less sustainability |