Warming and elevated nitrogen deposition accelerate the invasion process of Solidago canadensis L.

Ecological Processes

Table 1 Results of a three-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) testing for effects of nitrogen (N), temperature (T) and invasion degree (I) on phenotypic traits of Solidago canadensis

Traits	Nitrogen (N)	Temperature (T)	Invasion (I)	N × T	N × I	T × I	N × T × I
Chlorophyll	187.46**	80.185**	0.456	8.82**	3.34**	1.47	1.41
LN	194.55**	84.42**	0.489	8.66**	3.77**	1.57	1.43
LSI	5.67**	13.35**	1.242	2.54	0.83	1.2	1.31
Diameter	160.14**	7.39**	12.04**	0.44	1.26	0.92	0.89
Height	142.96**	14.54**	3.58**	0.33	0.91	1.44	1.04
Biomass	167.55**	18.84**	56.88**	11.92**	2.43**	1.61	1.08
RS	3.33*	2.91	0.898	4.34*	1.06	0.4	0.91
RY	11.85**	1.37	4.71**	5.06**	0.85	0.82	0.62

* and ** indicate p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively. LSI, LN, RS and RY indicate leaf shape index, leaf nitrogen, root/shoot ratio and relative yield, respectively