Table 1 Multi-species occupancy models developed for explaining occupancy patterns of amphibians in Northwest Michoacán riparian zones

Ambystoma

(crops) + (alt)

(temp)

The amphibian species in the study region are mostly tolerant to agricultural coverages and have preferences for high-altitude zones. Thus, every amphibian species in the study region shows similar responses to land-use changes as Ambystoma ordinarium (Oropeza-Sánchez et al. 2021)

Altitude

(alt) + (alt)²

(humd) + (date)

The study region is inhabited by species from two physiographic provinces with distinct altitude features; therefore, most amphibian species co-occur at intermediate altitudes with the highest richness (Siqueira et al. 2016)

Forest

(forest)

(temp) + (date)

The amphibian community, in the study region, is represented by species mostly adapted to the original natural environments. Therefore, greatest species richness would be found in landscapes with greater proportion of mature forest (Zipkin et al. 2009)

Secondary

(sec) + (sec)²

(temp)

The amphibian community is composed by resilient species capable of inhabiting secondary vegetation regrowth. Therefore, greater species richness would be recorded in zones with high proportion of secondary forest (Díaz-García et al. 2017)

Crops

(crop) + (crop)²

(humd)

The amphibian community is composed by species with high or moderate tolerance to agricultural landscapes. Therefore, highest species richness would be recorded in zones with high to intermediate proportion of cropland (Ribeiro et al. 2018)

Livestock

(lives) + (lives)²

(humd)

The amphibian community is composed by species with high or moderate tolerance to artificial pasture in the landscape. Therefore, highest species richness would be recorded in zones with high or intermediate proportion of pasture (Moreira et al. 2016)