Fig. 5

Effects of temperature and rainfall on PSFs for growing condition (a) and experimental environment (b). Mean PSFs effect size is presented with 95% CIs. Mean PSFs effect size is significantly different from zero if the corresponding CIs do not overlap with zero (dashed line). n represents the total number of observations used during analysis and p indicated whether mean PSFs effect sizes were significantly different from zero. Hedges’ d: 0 for no effect, − 0.2 for small (− 20%), − 0.5 for medium (− 50%), − 0.8 for large (− 80%) and > − 1.0 (> 100%) for strong large negative effects, respectively. AW: ambient water; DT: drought; AT, ambient temperature; ET: elevated temperature