Table 5 Trait names, sections where they are described, and attributes corresponding to each trait
From: Functional traits: the pathways to riverine plant resistance in times of hydropeaking
Trait name | Section | Trait categories (attributes) |
|---|---|---|
Plant growth-form (PGF) | (1) Nano-phanerophytes; (2) micro-phanerophytes; (3) meso-phanerophytes; (4) macro-phanerophytes; (5) chamaephytes; (6) hemicryptophytes (7) cryptophytes (hydrophytes); (8) cryptophytes (helophytes); (9) cryptophytes (geophytes) | |
Shoot growth-form (SGF) | (1) Submerged, attached to the substrate; (2) free-floating plants; (3) floating leaves, attached to the substrate; (4) emergent, attached to the substrate (amphibious); (5) stem prostrate; (6) stem ascending to prostrate; (7) stem erect | |
Woodiness (WD) | (1) Non-woody; (2) semi-woody; (3) woody | |
Leaf cuticle thickness (LCT) | (1) Thin leaves; (2) thick leaves | |
Leaf shape (LSH) | (1) Dissected leaves; (2) leaves finely divided into cylindrical pinnae; (3) finger-like leaves; (4) needle-like leaves (5) simple leaves, different than those described from 1 to 4 (e.g., egg-shaped, oblong, elliptical, obovate) | |
Leaf size (LSI) | (1) Large; (2) medium; (3) small | |
Leaf consistency (LCON) | (1) Succulent; (2) papery (malacophyllous); (3) between papery and coriaceous; (4) coriaceous | |
Leaf anatomy (LAN) | (1) Helomorphic (with well-developed aeration tissue as adaptation to oxygen deficiency in swampy soils (e.g., aerenchyma); (2) hygromorphic; (3) mesomorphic; (4) xeromorphic; (5) Kranz leaf anatomy | |
Leaf mass per leaf area (LMA) | LMA to increase from (1) aquatic plants; (2) ferns; (3) herbs/grasses; (4) deciduous shrubs and trees; (5) evergreen shrubs and trees and (6) succulents | |
Rooting depth (RDE) | (1) Shallow-rooted; (2) moderately deep-rooted; (3) deep-rooted | |
Root morphology (RMO) | (1) Lateral/fibrous systems; (2) lateral and taproot; (3) taproot | |
Shape reconfiguration (SHRE) | (1) Flexible, streamlined leaves and/or flapping leaves, elastic deformation of stems; (2) elastic deformation of stems likely occur, but leaves are not streamlined, absence of flapping leaves; (3) strong and rigid stems and/or leaves, plastic deformation of stems | |
Suberin barriers (SB) | (1) Strong barrier; (2) partial barrier; (3) no barrier | |
Below-ground organs and root mass allocation (BGOs) | (1) Perennial herbs and shrubs adopting multi-stemmed growth forms, plants capable of clonal multiplication and lateral spreading, presence of rhizomes, tubers, stolons, roots with adventitious roots, buds and bulbs; plants capable to allocate mass in roots; (2) plants presenting at least one characteristic described in (1); (3) plants without any of the characteristics described in (1) | |
Plant height (PHE) | (1) Trees; (2) shrubs; (3) grasses/ forbs | |
Leaf venation network (LVN) | (1) Vulnerable to HP; (2) partially resistant to HP; (3) resistant to HP | |
Presence of chloroplasts in epidermis (PCHE) | (1) Present (hydrophytes, floating plants with thin leaves); (2) absent (terrestrial/riparian plants) | |
Location of stomata (LSTO) | (1) Epistomatic (stomata on adaxial position); (2) hypostomatic (abaxial position); (3) amphistomatic (stomata on both sides of the leaf) | |
Presence of trichomes (PTRI) | (1) Lack of hairs or trichomes (2) moderate trichome density; (3) high trichome density | |
Leaf persistence (LPER) | (1) Deciduous hibernal; (2) vernal and/or aestival; (3) evergreen | |
Resprouting ability (RA) | (1) Resprouters; (2) relative potential to resprout; (3) non-resprouters | |
CO2 concentrating mechanisms (CO2-CMs) | (1) Absence of traits to concentrate CO2; (2) presence of a "soft" CO2-CM; (3) more than one “soft" CO2-CM is present; (4) presence of "hard" CO2-CMs | |
Antioxidant mechanisms (AM) | (1) Enzymatic antioxidant generation system; (2) non-enzymatic antioxidant generation system; (3) transportation of toxic products and excretion; (4) presence of enzymatic, non-enzymatic or excretion systems, but of limited efficacy to remove ROS; (5) Absence of AMs | |
Presence of coleoptile (PCOL) | (1) Present (e.g., monocotyledon species); (2) absent | |
Seed germination (SG) | (1) Annuals with long exposure to light to germinate; (2) annuals with short exposure to germinate; (3) biennials; (4) perennials | |
Stomatal control (STOC) | (1) Type I (non-efficient control); (2) type II (moderately efficient control); (3) type III (highly efficient control) | |
Non-structural carbohydrates and flooding acclimation responses (NSC) | Non-structural carbohydrates and flooding acclimation responses (NSC) | (1) Plants using carbohydrates to enable a quiescence strategy and with large carbohydrate reserves; (2) plants adopting a quiescence strategy with limited carbohydrate reserves; (3) plants adopting an escape strategy and with large carbohydrate reserves; (4) plants without the capacity to adopt flooding-induced acclimation responses |
Plant ventilation systems (PVS) | (1) Presence of aerenchymatous structures; (2) alternative ventilation systems; (3) reduced production of aerenchymatous structures and absence of alternative ventilation systems | |
Presence of adventitious roots (ADV) | (1) Well-developed; (2) poorly developed | |
Chloroplasts movement under changing light intensities (CHMOV) | Chloroplasts movement under changing light intensities (CHMOV) | (1) Shade-grown plants (strong chloroplast movement); (2) sun-grown plants (weak chloroplast movement) |
Corticular photosynthesis (COPH) | (1) Present; (2) absent | |
Mycorrhizal symbioses (MS) | Presence of (1) arbuscular mycorrhizas (AMs); (2) ericoid mycorrhizas (ERs); (3) ectomycorrhizas (ECMs); (4) absence of mycorrhizal symbioses |