Fig. 4

Estimated values of wood anatomical and physiological traits of K. angustifolia populations across drought periods (before megadrought—BMd: 2000–2007, megadrought period—Md: 2010–2018, hyperdrought period—Hd: 2019–2020. A Ring width (RW, mm yr⁻¹); B vessel frequency (VF, ind mm⁻²); C hydraulic diameter (DH, µm); D vulnerability index of the xylem to embolism (VI); E potential hydraulic conductivity (K_p, kg m MPa⁻¹ s⁻¹); F wood intrinsic water-use efficiency (iWUE; μmol CO₂ mol⁻¹ H₂O). Differences between periods for each site were evaluated using Fisher's LSD test (p < 0.05)