Fig. 8

Illustration depicting different life-history stages and reproductive output of the Hyptis suaveolens individuals (non-overlapping generations) in response to sun (high-light) and shade (low-light) conditions. H. suaveolens’s life cycle is divided into four stages: Propagule phase (PP), including dormant seed banks (SB) and perennial rootstocks (PR); Germination phase (GP), which denotes the number of seed germination events in the field; Recruitment phase (RP), corresponds to established plant individuals; and Fecundity phase (FP), signifies the period of fruiting and total seed number (reproductive output). FA field abundance of H. suaveolens populations; d dormancy; f₁, f₂ and f₃ fractions of bulk reproductive output corresponds to RP and FP; S sun and SH shade. Values in bold (sun) and non-bold (shade) denote the numbers of plant individuals corresponding to mentioned life cycle stages