Assessment of nomadic rice-duck complex ecosystem on energy and economy

Ecological Processes

Table 1 Energy equivalences for inputs-outputs in the RD and RM

Row	Item	Units	Low-high^a	Energy equivalence^b	References
Renewable source (R)
-1	Irrigation	MJ t^-1	4.18	4.18	17
Renewable organic subsidiary sources (R1)
2	Labor
	Man	MJ h^-1	1.96	1.96	19 to 21
	Woman	MJ h^-1	1.57	1.57	19 to 21
3	Rice seed	MJ kg^-1	16.74	16.74	22, 23
4	Duckling	MJ kg^-1	10.21	10.21	Estimated
5	Feed
	Formulas feed^c	MJ kg^-1	11.68	11.68	Estimated
	Rice grain	MJ kg^-1	14.70 to 16.20	15.19	17, 24, 25
Nonrenewable industrial subsidiary sources (F)
6	N	MJ kg^-1	43.00 to 78.00	61.39	26 to 32
7	P₂O₅	MJ kg^-1	11.00 to 17.00	14.31	26 to 32
8	K₂O	MJ kg^-1	6.00 to 14.00	9.40	26 to 15
9	Diesel	MJ l^-1	47.78 to 47.80	47.79	33, 34
10	Electric	MJ kWh^-1	10.59 to 11.90	11.25	35, 36
11	Electric motor	MJ kg^-1	64.80	64.80	19 to 21
12	Plastics-general	MJ kg^-1	90.00	90.00	Estimated
13	Insecticide	MJ kg^-1 active agent	80.00 to 460.00	303.25	37 to 41
14	Herbicides	MJ kg^-1 active agent	58.00 to 580.00	310.25	37 to 41
15	Fungicides	MJ kg^-1 active agent	61.00 to 397.00	185.00	37 to 41
Output
16	Rice grain	MJ kg^-1	14.70 to 16.20	15.19	17, 24, 25
17	Duck	MJ kg^-1	10.21	10.21	Estimated

^aRanges indicate the lowest and highest values found in references; ^benergy equivalences are taken as the average value of the ranges; ^cthe composition and nutrition levels of formulas feed: corn (56.6%), soybean meal (15.0%), rapeseed meal (3.0%), wheat bran (7.5%), fish meal (2.0%), wheat middling (12.0%), limestone (1.3%), CaHPO₄ (1.2%), NaCl(0.3%), Met (0.1%), premix (1.0%), metabolic energy (11.68 MJ kg^-1), crude protein (16.68% kg^-1); 17, Scott [2000]; 19, Mandal et al. [2002]; 20, Singh [2002]; 21, De et al. [2001]; 22, Intaravichai [1998]; 23, Rutger and Grant [1980]; 24, Mitchell [1979]; 25, Pimentel [2009]; 26, Kaltcshmitt and Reinhardt [1997]; 27, Singh et al. [2002]; 28, Pimentel and Pimentel [1979]; 29, Leach [1976]; 30, Hjortshøj and Rasmussen [1977]; 31, B°Ckman et al. [1991]; 32, Mudahar and Hignett [1987]; 33, Hetz [1998]; 34, Chamsing et al. [2006]; 35, Acaroglu [2002]; 36, Pimentel and Pimentel [1996]; 37, Pimentel et al. [1996]; 38, Anon [2004]; 39, Stout et al. [1982]; 40, Fluck [1992]; 41, Green [1987].