Does white-tailed deer density affect tree stocking in forests of the Eastern United States?

Ecological Processes

Table 1 For 1982 deer densities, mean estimated deer density (deer/km²), deer density classes (1 < 5.8 deer/km², 2 = 5.8 to 11.6 deer/km², 3 > 11.6 deer/km²), sample size, P value, and mean comparisons for significant results of generalized linear mixed models of deer density class to percent of understocked forestland area by county, mean percent of understocked forestland area, and frequency of counties with ≥ 50% of area understocked

Province	Density	Class	N	P		% understock	Freq understock
Adirondack-New England Mixed	2.4	1	23	0.1134		34	0
Adirondack-New England Mixed		2	5			29	0
Central Appalachian Broadleaf	4.6	1	68	0.0027	A	48	50
Central Appalachian Broadleaf		2	44		B	43	25
Central Appalachian Broadleaf		3	12		AB	45	33
Central Interior Broadleaf	2.9	1	203	0.2171		54	63
Central Interior Broadleaf		2	56			57	64
Central Interior Broadleaf		3	2			58	100
Eastern Broadleaf	3.6	1	147	0.2528		53	59
Eastern Broadleaf		2	32			57	66
Eastern Broadleaf		3	20			56	70
Laurentian Mixed	5.7	1	26	0.0007	A	39	4
Laurentian Mixed		2	42		B	44	24
Laurentian Mixed		3	26		B	46	31
Lower Mississippi Riverine	5.1	1	32	0.7408		51	59
Lower Mississippi Riverine		2	9			52	44
Lower Mississippi Riverine		3	10			56	60
Midwest Broadleaf	3.0	1	210	0.8086		56	69
Midwest Broadleaf		2	30			54	60
Midwest Broadleaf		3	9			52	56
Northeastern Mixed	5.4	1	15	0.2183		36	13
Northeastern Mixed		2	21			42	24
Northeastern Mixed		3	14			42	14
Outer Coastal Plain Mixed	5.0	1	158	0.9817		53	62
Outer Coastal Plain Mixed		2	118			48	40
Outer Coastal Plain Mixed		3	42			47	40
Prairie	1.9	1	279	N/A		53	57
Prairie		2
Prairie		3
Southeastern Mixed	5.0	1	139	0.5212		47	40
Southeastern Mixed		2	144			48	40
Southeastern Mixed		3	36			52	56