Morphological characterization and habitat suitability modeling of the goat population of Benin under climate change scenarios

Ecological Processes

Table 3 Frequency (%) of qualitative traits of goat subpopulations of three vegetation zones of Benin

Variables	Modalities	Overall (n = 2114)	GCZ (n = 893)	GSZ (n = 610)	SZ (n = 611)	χ²	P
Incidence of supernumerary	Absence	71.3	64.1	71.8	81.3	53.085	0.0001
teats	Presence	28.7	35.9	28.2	18.7
Head profile	Straight	68.0	49.8	80.3	82.2	234.269	0.0001
Head profile	Concave	32.0	50.2	19.7	17.8
Ear orientation	Erected	93.0	99.9	94.4	81.5	190.964	0.0001
Ear orientation	Dropped	7.0	0.1	5.6	18.5
Coat color	Uniform black	1.6	2.4	1.5	0.5	224.243	0.0001
	Uniform brown	2.1	0.3	3.6	3.3
	Uniform white	2.6	4.6	1.1	1.0
	Uniform fawn	0.7	0.6	0.5	1.1
	Spotted white	31.5	40.5	25.9	23.7
	Spotted fawn	15.9	13.9	24.1	10.6
	Spotted grey	1.4	1.5	0.3	2.3
	Spotted brown	17.5	12.4	14.8	27.5
	Spotted black	24.5	23.0	26.1	25.0
	Spotted red	2.4	0.9	2.1	4.9
Pigment pattern	Eumelanic	10.0	5.7	9.5	16.7	265.755	0.0001
	Localized Variegated	36.5	39.1	38.7	30.6
	Generalized Variegated	28.4	42.2	22.8	13.9
	Others	25.1	13.0	29.0	38.8
Back profile	Straight	25.9	13.0	24.4	46.2	691.9	0.0001
	Dipped	25.5	7.4	38.2	39.3
	Slopes up towards the withers	48.6	79.6	37.4	14.6
Incidence of wattles	Presence	18.3	12.7	17.5	27.2	51.504	0.0001
Incidence of wattles	Absence	81.7	87.3	82.5	72.8
Incidence of beard	Presence	5.4	2.7	3.9	11.0	52.106	0.0001
Incidence of beard	Absence	94.6	97.3	96.1	89.0
Horn form	Straight	17.8	18.8	18.4	15.9	2.299	0.0001
Horn form	Curved	82.2	81.2	81.6	84.1
Horn orientation	Lateral	26.0	18.3	29.2	34.2	183.401	0.0001
	Slanting	17.8	18.8	18.4	15.9
	Onward	12.1	5.2	13.9	20.3
	Backward	44.1	57.8	38.5	29.6

GCZ Guineo-Congolese zone, GSZ Guineo-Sudanian zone, SZ Sudanian zone
P is the probability observed for the qualitative traits, χ² expresses independence between variables at 5% level