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Ecological Processes
Fig. 1 | Ecological Processes

Fig. 1

From: Residue recycling options and their implications for sustainable nitrogen management in rice–wheat agroecosystems

Fig. 1

Full season and stage-wise differences in plant available NH4+-N, NO3−-N, and total-N in soil solution during the rice growing season (average for two cropping years). Lowercase letters denote differences for NH4+-N, capital letters for NO3−-N, and lowercase italic letters for total-N. Module: O = absolute control, F = 100% recommended fertilizer, RS-F100 = in situ 1/3rd rice stubble retention and incorporation + 100% recommended fertilizers, RS-F150 = in situ 1/3rd rice stubble retention and incorporation + 150% recommended fertilizers, WS-F100 = in situ 1/3rd wheat stubble retention and incorporation + 100% recommended fertilizers, WS-F150 = in situ 1/3rd wheat stubble retention and incorporation + 150% recommended fertilizers, RSC-F50 = rice straw compost at 5 t ha−1 + only 50% of recommended fertilizers, RSC-FYM-F50 = rice straw compost at 5 t ha−1 + farmyard manure at 5 t ha−1 + only 50% of recommended fertilizers, GM-FYM-F50 = green manuring with Sesbania aculeata + farmyard manure at 5 t ha−1 + only 50% of recommended fertilizers, GM-RSC-F50 = green manuring with Sesbania aculeata + rice straw compost at 5 t ha−1 + only 50% of recommended fertilizers. Error bars denote ± 1SD. Treatments with the same letters are not different significantly (P < 0.05)

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