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Ecological Processes
Fig. 5 | Ecological Processes

Fig. 5

From: An approach for finding causal relations in environmental systems: with an application to understand drivers of a toxic algal bloom

Fig. 5

Time series used in step two of the analysis. a Unlagged time series of chlorophyll-a concentrations attributed to diatoms (LN(ALt)de), which was LN-transformed and then detrended by subtracting a linear trend (and hence subscript de). b Time series of electrical conductivities with a time lag of 45 h (ECt-45,de), which were linearly detrended. c Time series of discharges with a time lag of 81 h (Qt-81). Note that time series were shortened in the beginning compared to unlagged data presented in Fig. 3

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